PİRİ REİS VE ÖNCÜLERİ ÇAĞDAŞLARI TAKİPÇİLERİ: BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA ÇALIŞMASI

Dragutin NOVAK
Dubravka MLİNARİC
            Miljenko LAPAİNE

Karşılaştırılmış Kartografik Yayınlar Kronolojisi

· 1420- Christoforo Buondelmonti, “Liber Insularum Archipelagi”
· 1485- Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti, “Isolario”
· 1526- Piri Reis, “Kitab-ı Bahriye”
· 1528- Benedetto Bordone, “Libro de tutte l’isole del mondo”
· 1571- Giovanni Francesco Camocio, “Isole famose, porti, fortezze...”
· 1572- Tomasso Porcacchi da Castiglione, “L’isole piu famose del mondo”
· 1573- Simone Pinargenti, “Isole che sono da Venetia nella Dalmatia...”
· 1580- Franco Feretti, “Dipporti notturni. Dialloghi familiari...”
· 1598- Guiseppe Rosaccio, “Viaggio da Venetia, a Constattinopoli...”

Piri Reis’in Adriyatik kıyıları ve Ege Denizi ile ilgili çalışmasına dair karşılaştırma farklı aşamalarda gerçekleştirilmiştir.

ADRİYATİK DENİZİ

Kitab-ı Bahriye’nin iki farklı kopyasının karşılaştırılması çalışması. Örnek: İstanbul, Ayasofya, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesindeki kopya, Bologna Üniversitesi Kütüphanesindeki kopya.

EGE ADALARI

Piri Reis’in Ege Adalarını betimleyen çalışmasının karşılaştırması Kitab-ı Bahriye ve Cr. Buondelmonti, B. Dalli Sonetti, B. Bordone, S. Pinargenti, G.F. Camocio ve G. Rosaccio tarafından yapılan “Isolarios” arasındaki belirgin farkları gösterir.

Piri Reis’in seyir kitabı “Kitab-ı Bahriye” üstün teknikler ve coğrafi bilgileri sunmaktadır. Piri Reis, daha eski Kartografik modellerden bilgi almasının yanısıra denizcilik yaparken de bilgi topluyordu. Piri Reis, ticaret ve Savaş üzerine pratik denizcilik ve haritacılık alanında öncülük etmiştir.

Karşılaştırmalı çalışma Kitab-ı Bahriye’nin zamanın en iyi Osmanlı coğrafi özeti olduğunu onaylamaktadır.
 

ABSTRACT

PIRI REIS AND HIS FORERUNNERS, CONTEMPORARIES AND
SUCCESSORS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
 

Chronology of compared cartographic publications

· 1420- Christoforo Buondelmonti, “Liber Insularum Archipelagi”
· 1485- Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti, “Isolario”
· 1526- Piri Reis, “Kitab-ı Bahriye”
· 1528- Benedetto Bordone, “Libro de tutte l’isole del mondo”
· 1571- Giovanni Francesco Camocio, “Isole famose, porti, fortezze...”
· 1572- Tomasso Porcacchi da Castiglione, “L’isole piu famose del mondo”
· 1573- Simone Pinargenti, “Isole che sono da Venetia nella Dalmatia...”
· 1580- Franco Feretti, “Dipporti notturni. Dialloghi familiari...”
· 1598- Guiseppe Rosaccio, “Viaggio da Venetia, a Constattinopoli...”

The comparative study of Piri Reis’s work concerning eastern Adriatic Coast and Eagean Sea is performed on different levels:

ADRIATIC SEA

Comparison of two dfferent copies of Kitab-ı Bahriye, e.g. the copy from Suleymaniye Library , Ayasofya, Istanbul and copy from Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna.

AGEAN ISLANDS

Comparative study of Piri Reis’s description of Aegean Islands shows the significant differences in Kitab-ı Bahriye and “Isolarious” by Cr. Buondelmonti, B. Dalli Sonetti, B. Bordone, S. Pinargenti, G.F. Camocio and G. Rosaccio.

Piri Reis’s book of navigation Kitab-ı Bahriye displayed superrior techniques and geographical knowledge. He was collecting the data during his sailing activities and not only coping data from older cartographic models. Piri Reis started pioneering work in the field of practical maritime cartography in trade and war.

The comparative work confirms that Kitab-ı Bahriye is “The greatest Ottoman geographical conpendium of the time…”
 

BİLDİRİ

“Maps are graphic representations that facilitate a
special understanding of things, concepts,
conditions, processes or events in the human world”

J.B. Harley and David Woodward,
In the History of Cartography, 1987
 

Introduction

In order to define the significance and position of the Kitab-i Bahriye by Piri Reis in the cartography of the sixteenth century the comparative study was designed. The aim was to use a clear-cut, well-defined model for the comparison of charts from Kitab-i Bahriye with cartographic works of two forunners: Christoforo Buondelmonti and Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti, and one contemporary: Benedetto Bordone. The comparison was concluded with maps of isolarios of “successors”: e.g. Giovanni Francesco Camocio, Ferrandus Bertelli, Tomaso Porcachi da Castiglione, Andre Thevet, and Francois Belleforest, These cartographers published their maps between 40 to 50 years after appearance of the Kitab-i Bahriye, Version 2, 1526

Methods
The comparative analysis of Kitab-i Bahriye was performed on two different levels, i.e.:
1. Direct comparative analysis of similarities and differences between charts of Piri Reis and two forunners as well as a contemporary and several successors.
2. Systematic comparative analysis of charts of one defined geographical region i.e. one island in chronological order e.g. island of Rhodes drown by Buondelmonti, Dalli Sonetti, Bordone versus chart of Rhodes by Piri Reis.
The time period studied was about one hundred years (from 1420 to 1526) before creation of the Kitab-i Bahriye (Version 1 and 2) and roughly fifty years (from 1526 to 1575) after.


Material
Three Aegean islands: Rhodes, Samos and Chios were chosen by randomized choice as a model for the comparative analysis. To the comparative study of the island Cyprus a special attention was paid. The sources of maps or charts used for the comparative study are listed in the Table 1: Bibliographical references.



TABLE 1:
Bibliographical references to the cartographical material used for the comparative study:

a) Piri Reis: Kitab-i Bahriye from the Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofya 2612, Istanbul, Facsimile edition 1988.
b) Piri Reis: Kitab-i Bahriye form the Topkapi Palace Museum Library, H. 642, Istanbul, Fascimile edition 2002
c) Mine Esiner Özen: Piri Reis and His Charts, Istanbul 1998
d) Vasilis Sphyroeras, Anna Avramea, Spyros Asdrahas: Maps and Map Makers of the Aegean, Athens 1985
e) Benedetto Bordone: Libro… de tutte l’isole del Mondo. Venice 1528 Reprint: Theatrum orbis terrarum, Amsterdam 1966
f) Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti: Isolario, Venice 1485. Reprint: Theatrum orbis terrarum, Amsterdam, 1986
g) Camillo Tonini, Piero Lucchi: Navigare e descrivere, Museo Correr, Venezia 2002
h) Andreas Hadjipaschalis, Maria Iacovou: Maps and Athlases, The Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Nicosia 1989

Study models
The same method of the direct analysis was applied in models 1 to 4 (Islands Rhodes, Samos, Chios and Cyprus)
The some island from the Kitab-i Bahriye MS 2612 and MS H. 642 were compared with maps of:
Christoforo Buondelmonti: Liber insularum archipelagi, 1420
Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti: Isolario, 1485
Benedetto Bordone: Libro de tutte l’isole del mondo, 1528
Ferrandus Bertelli: Isola di Cipro, 1562
Giovanni Francesco Camocio: Isole famose, porti, fortezze e terre maritime, 1571
Tomaso Porcachi da Castiglione: L’isole piu famose del mondo, 1572
Andre Thevet: Cosmographie universelle, 1575
Francois Belleforest: La cosmographie universelle de tout le monde, 1575

Definition of cartographical characteristics used for the direct and systematic comparative analysis:

Position and orientation of the island
Contour of the coastline
Form of the island
gulfs and promontores
mountains, lakes, rivers
harbours, cities, villages
prominent buildings, churches, fortresses
archeological sites, ruins, aqueducts
roads, ways
local borders, signs of territorial division
fields vineyards, olive grows
toponymic descriptions

Conteporary maps for comparison

A) Island Rhodes
B) Island Samos
C) Island Chios
D) Island Cyprus

TABLE 2: Models for the comparative analysis

Island RHODES, Model 1
A) Contemporary map

Christoforo Buondelmonti 1420 Fig. 1
Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti 1485 Fig. 2
Piri Reis 1526 Fig. 3a, 3b
Benedetto Bordone 1528 Fig. 4
Tomaso Porcacchi da Castiglione 1572 Fig. 16
Francois Belleforest 1575 Fig. 17

Island SAMOS, Model 2
B) Contemporary map

Christoforo Buondelmonti 1420 Fig. 5
Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti 1485 Fig. 6
Piri Reis 1526 Fig. 7a, 7b
Benedetto Bordone 1528 Fig. 8

Island CHIOS, Model 3
C) Contemporary map

Christoforo Buondelmonti 1420 Fig. 9
Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti 1485 Fig. 10
Piri Reis 1526 Fig. 11
Benedetto Bordone 1528 Fig. 12
André Thevet 1575 Fig. 19

Island CYPRUS, Model 4
D) Contemporary map

Bartolomeo dalli Sonetti 1485 Fig. 13
Piri Reis 1526 Fig. 14
Benedetto Bordone 1528 Fig. 15
Giovanni Francesco Camocio 1571 Fig. 20
Ferrandus Bertelli 1562 Fig. 21

Direct comparative analysis

Island Rhodos by Buondelmonti: (Fig. 1)

* orientation: north-south (north upper)
* general impression: dominant features are: archeological sites
* coastline is well drawn
* city and harbour of the Cyprus are on the upper portion of the map
* harbour is sourounded with walls and high fortifications towers
* churches are schematically depicted, but the names of saints are clearly written.
* several castles, towers and churches are demonstrated in the hinterland
* archeological sites are marked and named
* rivers, ways or roads are drawn

Island Rhodes by Sonetti: (Fig. 2)

* orientation: north-south (north upper)
* general impression: simple depiction of the island
* coastline simpler drawn
* harbour fortifications and city's walls detailed depicted
* urbanistic structures in the city of Rhodes sparsly demonstrated
* rich urbanistic content of the innland with several castles, towers and churches
* chain of fortification with a main tower in the central region of the island

Island Rhodes by Piri Reis: (Fig. 3a, Fig. 3b) comparison of MS Ayasofy 2612 (left) with MS 2997 (right)

* orientation: south-north (south upper)
* general impression: rich and colourfull pictorial information
* poorer cartographical content in the central regions of the island
* harbour walls and fortifications as well as the houses of the city of Rhodes detailed depicted
* mountains and woods colourfull drawn
* human habilitations in the innland of the island sparsly demonstrated
* short rivers marked

Island Rhodes by Bordone: (Fig. 4)

* orientation: north-south (north upper)
* general impression: simple island map
* coastlines simple drawn
* harbour and city of Rhodes simplified demonstrated
* hills with castles and houses depicted also in the hinterland

Island Samos by Buondelmonti (Fig. 5)

* orientation: north-south (north upper)
* general impression: coastline, gulfs, peninsullas and promontories are well drawn
* walled city and villages are depicted with vertical lines symbolizing architectural structures
* relatively poor maps content: only one tower and one church are implemented
* mountains and woods are depicted and named
 

Fig. A – Rhodes

Fig. B – Samos

Fig. B/C – Samos ve Khios

Fig. C – Khios

Fig. D – Cyprus

Fig. 1

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Fig. 2

Fig. 3a

Fig. 3b

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

 Fig. 7a

 Fig. 7b

Fig. 8

 Fig. 9

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Fig.11

Fig. 12

Fig. 13

Fig. 14

Fig. 15

Fig. 16

 Fig. 17

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Fig. 19

Fig. 20

 Fig. 21